Today's featured
country is
Kosovo
XKX | XK | 0
Location
- Southeastern Europe, between Serbia and Macedonia
- the 41-km (25-mi) Nerodimka River divides into two branches, each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea
Population
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The total population of Kosovo is
1,845,300
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Ethnic Breakdown:
Albanians 92.9%, Bosniaks 1.6%, Serbs 1.5%, Turk 1.1%, Ashkali 0.9%, Egyptian 0.7%, Gorani 0.6%, Romani 0.5%, other/unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo
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Population below Poverty Line:
17.6% (2015 est.)note: % of population with income below national poverty line
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Population Distribution:
population clusters exist throughout the country, with the largest in the east in and around the capital of Pristina
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Nationality:
noun: Kosovanadjective: Kosovannote: Kosovo, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective as in Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Serb, Kosovo minority, or Kosovo citizen
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Urbanization:
urban population: 72% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Notable Population Centers
| City |
Population |
Note |
|
Pristina
|
550,000
|
Capital
|
|
Prizren
|
171,464
|
|
|
Mitrovicë
|
107,045
|
|
|
Gjakovë
|
94,158
|
|
|
Suva Reka
|
72,229
|
|
|
Ferizaj
|
59,504
|
|
|
Glogovac
|
58,579
|
|
|
Gjilan
|
51,912
|
|
|
Deçan
|
50,500
|
|
|
Pejë
|
48,962
|
|
Size
-
4,212
square miles
-
10,908
square kilometers
- slightly larger than Delaware
History
The Ottoman Empire took control of Kosovo in 1389 after defeating Serbian forces. Large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to the region, and by the end of the 19th century, Albanians had replaced Serbs as the majority ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control of Kosovo during the First Balkan War of 1912, and after World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Increasing Albanian nationalism in the 1980s led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence, but in 1989, Belgrade -- which has in turn served as the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia -- revoked Kosovo's autonomous status. When the SFRY broke up in 1991, Kosovo Albanian leaders organized an independence referendum, and Belgrade's repressive response led to an insurgency. Kosovo remained part of Serbia, which joined with Montenegro to declare a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992. In 1998, Belgrade launched a brutal counterinsurgency campaign, with some 800,000 ethnic Albanians expelled from their homes in Kosovo. After international mediation failed, a NATO military operation began in March 1999 and forced Belgrade to withdraw its forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under the temporary control of the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Negotiations in 2006-07 ended without agreement between Serbia and Kosovo, though the UN issued a comprehensive report that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries began EU-facilitated discussions in 2013 to normalize relations, which resulted in several agreements. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. In 2022, Kosovo formally applied for membership in the EU, which is contingent on fulfillment of accession criteria, and the Council of Europe. Kosovo is also seeking UN and NATO memberships.
Climate
influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December
Terrain
flat fluvial basin at an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level surrounded by several high mountain ranges with elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 m
Languages
Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)major-language sample(s): Libri i fakteve boterore, burimi i pazevendesueshem per informacione elementare (Albanian)Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and other ethnic minority languages because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo
Religions
Muslim 95.6%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Orthodox 1.5%, other 0.1%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo
Government
parliamentary republic
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Constitution:
history: previous 1974, 1990; latest (post-independence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008amendment process: proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment
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Political Parties and Leaders:
n/a
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Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
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Legal System:
civil law system
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Executive Branch:
chief of state: President Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (since 4 April 2021)head of government: Acting Prime Minister Albin KURTI (since 15 April 2025)cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Assemblyelection/appointment process: president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; if a candidate does not reach this threshold in the first two ballots, the candidate winning a simple majority vote in the third ballot is elected; prime minister indirectly elected by the Assemblymost recent election date: 3-4 April 2021election results: 2021: Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (Guxo!) 71 votes; Albin KURTI (LVV) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 67 for, 30 against2017: Ramush HARADINAJ (AAK) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 61 for, 1 abstention, 0 against (opposition boycott)2016: Hashim THACI elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Hashim THACI (PDK) 71 votesexpected date of next election: 2026note: Prime Minister Albin KURTI resigned on 15 April 2025; a replacement has not yet been selected
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Judicial Branch:
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges and organized into Appeals Panel of the Kosovo Property Agency and Special Chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, a 13-member independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year termssubordinate courts: Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters); Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)note: in 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or "Special Court"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period
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Legislative Branch:
legislature name: Assembly (Kuvendi i Kosoves/Skupstina Kosova)legislative structure: unicameralnumber of seats: 120 (all directly elected)electoral system: proportional representationscope of elections: full renewalterm in office: 4 yearsmost recent election date: 2/14/2021parties elected and seats per party: Self-Determination Movement (LVV) (58), Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) (19), Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) (15), Serb List (10), Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) (8), other (10)percentage of women in chamber: 34%expected date of next election: 2025note: 20 seats reserved for ethnic minorities -- 10 for Serbs and 10 for other minorities
Demographic Profile
n/a
Economy
- small-but-growing European economy; non-EU member but unilateral euro user; very high unemployment, especially youth; vulnerable reliance on diaspora tourism services, curtailed by COVID-19 disruptions; unclear public loan portfolio health
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Budget:
revenues: $1.951 billion (2020 est.)expenditures: $2.547 billion (2020 est.)
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Credit Rating:
n/a
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Natural Resources:
nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite
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Industries:
mineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances, foodstuffs and beverages, textiles
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Agricultural Products:
wheat, corn, berries, potatoes, peppers, fruit; dairy, livestock; fish
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Land Use:
agricultural land: 52.8% (2018 est.)arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)forest: 41.7% (2018 est.)other: 5.5% (2018 est.)
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Labor Force by Occupation:
n/a
- Imports
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Imported Commodities:
refined petroleum, cars, iron rods, electricity, cigars, packaged medicines (2021)
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Import Partners:
Germany 13%, Turkey 13%, China 10%, Serbia 7%, Italy 6% (2021)
- Exports
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Exported Commodities:
mattress materials, iron alloys, metal piping, scrap iron, building plastics (2021)top five export commodities based on value in dollars
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Export Partners:
United States 16%, Albania 15%, North Macedonia 12%, Germany 8%, Italy 8% (2021)
Additional Resources
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