Luxembourg

A little history

What's it like there?

The weather is modified continental with mild winters, cool summers.

Location

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Size

• Slightly smaller than Rhode Island
• About half the size of Delaware

Climate

Modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Landscape

• Mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys
• Uplands to slightly mountainous in the north
• Steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Natural resources

Iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Land use

Agricultural land	51.7%
Arable land	23.8%
Permanent crops	0.6%
Permanent pasture	27.1%
Forest	34.5%
Other	13.9%

2023 estimate

Good to know

Landlocked

Who lives there?

About 607,728 people live in Luxembourg, and the biggest city is Luxembourg.

Largest cities

Luxembourg Capital		76,684
Esch-sur-Alzette		36,625
Dudelange		18,013

Languages

Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language)		48.9%
Portuguese		15.4%
French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language)		14.9%
Italian		3.6%
English		3.6%
German (official administrative and judicial language)		2.9%
Other		10.8%

2021 estimate

Religions

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic)		70.6%
Muslim		2.3%
Other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish)		0.4%
Unaffiliated		26.7%

2020 estimate

Ethnic groups

Luxembourger		52.9%
Portuguese		14.5%
French		7.6%
Italian		3.7%
Belgian		3%
German		2%
Spanish		1.3%
Romania		1%
Other		14%

2022 estimate

Note: Data represent population by nationality

Where people live

Most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Cities and towns

Urban population	92.1% of total population 2023
Rate of urbanization	1.43% annual rate of change 2020-25 estimate

What people are called

Noun	Luxembourger(s)
Adjective	Luxembourg

Who's in charge?

Its government is a constitutional monarchy.

Leaders

Head of state	Grand Duke Guillaume (since 3 October 2025)
Head of government	Prime Minister Luc Frieden (since 17 November 2023)

Parliament

Legislature name	Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Legislative structure	Unicameral
Number of seats	60 (all directly elected)
Electoral system	Proportional representation
Scope of elections	Full renewal
Term in office	5 years
Most recent election date	10/8/2023
Parties elected and seats per party	Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21) Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14) Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11) Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5) Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4) Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3) Other (2)
Percentage of women in chamber	35%
Expected date of next election	October 2028

Note: A 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

Courts

Highest court(s)	Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judge selection and term of office	Judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
Subordinate courts	Court of Accounts District and local tribunals and courts

Constitution

History	Previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856) Latest effective 17 October 1868
Amendment process	Proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber Passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart A referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters Adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

Legal system

Civil law system

Who can vote

• 18 years of age
• Universal and compulsory

How does it make a living?

In short

• High-income EU and eurozone economy
• Global, highly capitalized banking sector
• One of highest GDP-per-capita countries
• Strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth
• Challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility

Industries

• Banking and financial services
• Construction
• Real estate services
• Iron
• Metals
• And steel
• Information technology
• Telecommunications
• Cargo transportation and logistics
• Chemicals
• Engineering
• Tires
• Glass
• Aluminum
• Tourism
• Biotechnology

Farming

• Milk
• Wheat
• Barley
• Triticale
• Potatoes
• Pork
• Grapes
• Beef
• Rye
• Rapeseed

2023

Note: Top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Exports

• Iron blocks
• Gas turbines
• Plastic products
• Rubber tires
• Plastics

2023

Note: Top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Sells most to

Germany		18%
France		15%
Belgium		8%
Netherlands		7%
Italy		6%

2023

Note: Top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Imports

• Cars
• Refined petroleum
• Electricity
• Plastic products
• Gas turbines

2023

Note: Top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Buys most from

Belgium		26%
Germany		23%
France		10%
Netherlands		5%
USA		4%

2023

Note: Top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Workforce

350,000

2024 estimate

Note: Number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Below the poverty line

17.3%

2021 estimate

Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Electricity

Electrification - total population	100% 2022 estimate

Government budget

Revenues	$37.951 billion
Expenditures	$38.263 billion

2023 estimate

Note: Central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated